The National Transport University Bulletin

Abstract

The article examined the potential for enhancing the production and operational systems of electric vehicles through the implementation of an innovative, standardised modular approach to battery replacement and charging. The study focused on passenger electric cars and electric buses used in urban and intercity transportation, which are equipped with lithium-ion battery systems. Particular attention was given to the systemic limitations of existing electric vehicle infrastructure, including long charging times, the lack of battery and connector standardisation, high production and maintenance costs, and their adverse effects on the widespread adoption of electric mobility solutions. The aim of the study was to develop and substantiate a unified modular model for battery replacement and charging, designed to reduce vehicle downtime and improve operational efficiency. The research methodology incorporated system and comparative analysis, statistical methods, and graphical modelling to investigate modular battery architectures and infrastructure standardisation, alongside an environmental impact assessment comparing electric vehicles with internal combustion vehicles. The study drew on scientific literature, reports from international organisations (International Energy Agency, International Renewable Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Health Organization), statistical databases, regulatory documents, and open-access industry sources. The findings confirmed that vehicles with internal combustion engines are significant sources of CO₂, NOₓ, and fine particulate matter emissions, contributing to climate change, air pollution, and the deterioration of public health. In contrast, electric vehicles demonstrate a substantially lower environmental impact, higher energy efficiency, and reduced maintenance costs. Based on the analysis, a unified modular battery replacement system was proposed, which facilitates rapid energy replenishment, enhances interoperability, reduces infrastructure costs, and fosters the development of a sustainable electric mobility ecosystem. The study concluded that the lack of sufficient standardisation in battery systems and charging infrastructure hinders large-scale electric vehicle adoption, whereas a modular and unified vehicle architecture substantially reduces downtime and improves manufacturing flexibility and infrastructure scalability

Keywords: